The 20th centurys 3 greatest composers Essay -- Stravinsky Copland

The 20th centurys 3 Greatest Composers The 20th century has watched many musicians break through their generations bounds of normality to creat a completely new music. Musicians who initiated revolutions so grandiose that the impactlike an earthquakes aftershockswould reverberate for decades and influence scores of musicians to come. Such influences can be traced back to three specific composers. Igor Stravinsky, Aaron Copland, and Nadia Boulanger the triumvirate of 20th century music.Igor Stravinsky, remains the centurys most(prenominal) shocking and versatile composer. Born in Russia in 1882, Stravinsky enjoyed a musically wealthy childhood. He was the son of a famous opera singer and well-educated in piano performance and harmony/counterpoint. His parents sent him to St. Petersburg University to bear a Criminal Law/Legal Philosophy degree. While attending school, Stravinsky befriended a young man whose father, Rimsky-Korsokav, later developed a special parity for Strav inksys music (Nousiainen). Because Stravinsky was not schooled in traditional techniques, Rimsky-Korsakov advised him to continue private harmony and counterpoint lessons, rather than attend a formal conservatory. Rimsky-Korsakov, prof at such an institution, thought the rigorous atmosphere might overwhelm and discourage the young composer (Walsh). Despite this lack of formal training, Stravinsky created some of the 20th centurys most profound pieces. The Rite of Spring, Stravinskys most notable music contribution, was commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev for the Ballets Russes. For readers unfamiliar with the ballet, Rite choreographs the story of an ancient tribes surrender of an adolescent virgin whom, in order to save the Earth,... ... of you. What an impression you have left with the music-lovers around the world (Letter). This impact is Nadia Boulanger remains the most significant figure of 20th century music. FOOTNOTES1 This abstract sketch was Stravinskys response w hen author, Robert Craft, asked him to draw his music.The drawing is comparable to the abstract nature of Stravinskys compositions (Craft).2The phrase Appalachian Spring was first coined by poet Hart Crane.Martha Graham copied his words for her ballets already-finished score, which, until then, Copland had modestly titled Ballet for Martha3 Tanglewood is a premier music honorary society founded by Boston Symphony director, Serge Koussevitsky, in 1940.His goal was to provide a place for budding musicians to study with orchestra musicians and other world class artists

Insanity in The Yellow WallPaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose

Comparing The Yellow Wall- Paper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A rise for Emily by William FaulknerI picked two short stories that I would standardized to compare and contrast in this essay. Thefirst story is called The Yellow Wall- Paper and was written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Thesecond story I chose is called A Rose for Emily and was written by William Faulkner. Both ofthese stories are about women who have serious mental problems. These stories are similar inthat aspect, but there are overly some differences. In this essay, I will compare and contrast thesetwo short stories and determine which one best illustrates insanity. The first thing that I discover about these stories was that they were purely fictional. Ialso noticed that they both had a weird twist. A Rose for Emily is about a woman who killsher lover and hides him in her home The man himself lay in the bed. For a long while we just stood there, looking down at the profound and fleshless grin. The b ody had apparently erst lain in the attitude of an embrace, but now the long sleep that outlast love, that conquers even the grimace of love, had cuckolded him.In The Yellow Wall-Paper the woman starts out normal and step by step sinks into depression.Her depression gets so bad that she begins to see objects in her wall paper We have been here two weeks, and I havent felt like writing before, since that first day. ...

Wendys History :: essays research papers

Wendys frozen(p)s I opened the first Wendys restaurant because I entangle that there should be a place where fresh hamburgers are made just the way the customer wants it. That is as true today as it was thirty one years ago when Dave Thomas first spoke those words. People put their trust into Wendys everytime that they eat there. Infact Wendys is the only fast food place that offers the Frosty (Wendys Web Page).November 15th 1969, in Columbus, Ohio, was a very phantasmagoric day in Daves life. He opened his very first restaurant label it after his little baby girl, Wendy. He expected nothing more from his little family owned restaurant, but Dave decided to approach fast food in a different angel. On November 21st 1970 he broke new grounds by opening a new feature, the pick up window. like a shot he could do twice as much business at the same time. This idea expanded to all of the quick service industries. Over the undermentioned thirty ones years, Dave opened up over five thous and Wendys Restaurants, not only in the United States but in twenty-seven other countries virtually the world. With competition rising among other fast food places, such as McDonalds, Burger King, and Arbys. Promotion would be one of his great ideas (Wendys Web Page).A garbage collector, Craig Randall, put a discarded Wendys cup. The cup had a peel off label for exigent winners. Hoping to discover a coupon good for a free poulet sandwich, Craig peeled off the label to find that he instantly won two hundred thousand dollars towards a brand new home and became an instant celebrity. Craigs whirl wind Osborne 2media tour included the Tonight Show, Jay Leno, and hundred of media outlets hungry for a new unbelievable story. This brought many new customers to Wendys to sweat their luck at the new game. Soon after many other fast food places tried the same promotion ideas and were also very booming (Pook, Cory).Wendys features two main products, the chili and the Frosty. The Frosty is a cool creamy dairy desert that will also quench and thirst. Although is thicker than a milk shakes it isnt quick as thick as Ice cream. In comparison to the other dairy deserts that the other fast food places sell, Wendys has the least fatten deserts of them all. The Frosty at Wendys has 330 calories in a twenty oz.

Americans Love Capital Punishment :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Americans Love Capital Punishment at that place is one question that has always brought about controversy. Should outstanding penalization be used as a way of disciplining criminals? Over the pasttwenty years, there has been an enormous increase in violent crimes. It seemslogical that a person is less likely to commit a given act if by doing so hewill suffer swift and certain penalisation of a horrible kind. As most Americansagree, death is the only appropriate punishment for such crimes. In ancient propagation executions were not uncommon. Even the Bible teachescapital punishment. It states, Who so sheddeth mans blood, by man shall hisblood be shed for in the image of God made he man (Bible). In ancient times aset of laws were written which specified some(prenominal) crimes punishable by capitalpunishment. These laws were the Code of Hammurabi. Some of the punishablecrimes mentioned included adultery, robbery witchcraft, and get rid of. During theMiddle Ages, the church ser vice assumed the responsibility of administering punishments. During the late 1700s the death penalty steadily grew in acceptance. Over200 crimes were punishable by death at the beginning of the 1800s. There werejust as many methods used to execute wrong-doers as there were crimes. Some ofthe techniques used included beheading, stoning, drowning, hanging, crucifying,and burying people alive. Also used were many nontraditional forms ofexecution. One type of execution utilized elephants to crush the criminalshead on a stone block. As times changed, so did the death penalty. Laws aimed at abolishingthe death penalty began to evolve at the turn of the century. Even with thechanges made, the effectiveness of capital punishment stayed right on track.The crimes punishable by death became to a greater extent specific, while some were eradicatedcompletely. For example, there are different types of capital murder that havebeen specifically defined, but vary from one jurisdiction to another. T heseinclude murder carried out during the commission of another felony, murder of apeace officer, corrections employee, or firefighter engaged in the performanceof official duties, murder by an inmate serving a life sentence, and murder forhire (Contract Murder). Other crimes worthy of death include espionage by amember of the Armed Forces (communication of training to a foreigngovernment), tampering where death results by a witness, and death resultingfrom aircraft hijacking. While hangings and firing squads remained in use,many forms of execution were done away with. Methods such as electrocution,lethal gas, and lethal injection soon replaced the annulled ones. As withalmost everything, there were exceptions made. Some states the prohibited the

The Inuit Way of Life :: essays research papers

The Inuit were lot who lived in the Arctic such as Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland. They can also be called Eskimos. The word Inuit refers to existent people of the north and from this distinction as well as their way of living which I observed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, I conclude that these people were a race of people with a strong spirit for life in general as well as each other. Their social usage included storytelling, dancing, drum playing, crafts, celebrations, games, hunting and survival skills. They based their social structure on the land, their families, and traditions that were passed on through generations.The Inuit hunted and fished whale, seal, and walrus by way of a kayak or by waiting patiently near holes in the ice. They made great use of animal skins for warm and beautiful clothing as one may observe on display in the Polar World exhibit at the museum. They primarily made a living by hunting, trapping, and buying and selling handicrafts. They also traded whale blubber which was used for fuel. They traded the blubber with missionaries, whalers, and other foreigners.Organization in Inuit society was nearly non-existent. There were no differentiate divisions or divisions of rank among the people. They can simply be described as Eskimo tribes who shared the same traditions. There were no prominent leadership roles among these people. Family was considered the main snap with the eldest male of each family reigning with highest authority. This society was non-aggressive with values centered on cooperation. This is probably why there were no prominent leaders in this liberal-like society. The only character held in high regard was the Shaman who was believed to have relations with supernatural powers which controlled health, power, and the weather. The Inuits valued their families and each member looked out for each other. kinship typically included three past generations from the paternal as well as maternal sides. The se generations were extremely close. The doings of one member were felt as the accountability of the whole group. Small feuds often resulted between different families.

The Inuit Way of Life :: essays research papers

The Inuit were volume who lived in the Arctic such as Alaska, Northern Canada and Greenland. They can also be called Eskimos. The word Inuit refers to real people of the north and from this distinction as well as their way of living which I observed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, I conclude that these people were a race of people with a strong spirit for life in general as well as each other. Their social customs include storytelling, dancing, drum playing, crafts, celebrations, games, hunting and survival skills. They based their social structure on the land, their families, and traditions that were passed on through generations.The Inuit hunted and fished whale, seal, and walrus by way of a kayak or by waiting patiently near holes in the ice. They made great use of animal skins for warm and beautiful clothing as unmatchable may observe on display in the Polar World exhibit at the museum. They primarily made a living by hunting, trapping, and get and selling handicra fts. They also traded whale blubber which was used for fuel. They traded the blubber with missionaries, whalers, and other foreigners.Organization in Inuit society was nearly non-existent. There were no class divisions or divisions of rank among the people. They can simply be described as Eskimo tribes who shared the same traditions. There were no prominent leadership roles among these people. Family was considered the main focus with the firstborn male of each family reigning with highest authority. This society was non-aggressive with values centered on cooperation. This is probably why there were no prominent leaders in this liberal-like society. The entirely character held in high regard was the Shaman who was believed to have relations with supernatural powers which controlled health, power, and the weather. The Inuits valued their families and each member looked out for each other. Kinship typically included three past generations from the paternal as well as maternal sides. These generations were extremely close. The doings of one member were felt as the office of the whole group. Small feuds often resulted between different families.

Differences between in India and China about Buddhism

The term Buddha is derived from the root word vbudh which means to awaken or to be enlightened it is from ancient Indian languages Pali and Sanskrit which means one who has live on awake. It denotes a person which have been m whatsoever(prenominal) instances in the course of vast time, not just a person or a teacher who lived in a particular era. It is also a person who has truly awakened the true nature of existence. And based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama (6th century BCE), Buddhism is both a religion and philosophy. Buddhist practices aims to become free from suffering, egolessness, and achieve enlightenment and Nirvana (paradise).Buddhist moralities follow the principles of misemploylessness and moderation. Siddharta Gautama is a prince in the solid ground of Magadha (Nepal) who abandoned his rank, privileges, and even his wife and child in search for an answer of the true existence in life. He is someone who did not claim any divine status or heroic symbol for himse lf. He also did not claim himself a personal savior inspired by Gods moreover rather, a teacher who guides those who chose to listen. Siddharta found difficulties in his life, dissatisfying himself with his needs, and succession abandoning hi life to become an austere.According to Buddhist writings, Siddahrta was rootage enlightened during the time of his meditation. After doing continuous mediation, he performed his first sermon, which would be important in understanding the ideas held by Buddhism. The first message of Siddharta was sketched in The Four Noble Truths1) pain, suffering, frustration and anxiety are oppose that are given and that human could not escape, as it is part of the human life 2) that suffering and anxiety are human caused choice 3) that people is fitting to understand this weaknesses and ) triumph is achievable by having a code of conduct.Buddhism originated in India, and gradu bothy spread throughout Central Asia, Southeast Asia, and East Asian countries including Japan, Korea, Mongolia and chinaware. Up to these days, there are schools and practitioners from different part of the globe that still spread the word of Buddhism and teaches their followers to always perform good and wholesome actions and to avoid harm to others. For them, that this is the true meaning of enlightenment and existence. As Buddhism in India grow in large number, many people readily converted from Hinduism to Buddhism to achieve enlightenment.For them, cosmos one follower of Buddha is easier because it does not require any traditions or set of Gods. Buddhist shrines were built but after a few centuries, Islam destroyed it. A great impact to Buddhism happened in India when Dalit (untouchable caste) leader converted from Hinduism to Buddhism which led hundreds of thousands away from Hinduism. After a millennium of Buddhas death, Chinese adapted Buddhism to suit their emeritus traditions of Taoism and Confucianism. But, as a way of Buddhism practices and be liefs, there are some differences between Buddhism in China and India.First one is that Chinese do believe in souls while Indians dont. Second is that, Indians are disgusted with the dead, while Chinese praised and worship the dead and images of loved ones. But, whatever their differences are, according to Buddhism, no religion is wrong, any person of other religion can also be termed Buddhist, because all will lead to enlightenment. No rules are set to which God to worship, or what to do to achieve enlightenment. Both Chinese and Indians appreciate and follow the writings of Buddha, and adhere with his state of mind. The transformation of BuddhismBuddhism plays a very significant role in the history of Asia. It caused changes in some other realms of cultural identity. Soon after, Buddhism was already starting to transformations in the Indian lifestyle. Though Buddhism is worldwidely known, it also encountered criticisms form its skeptics. If analyzed, it could be recognise that Bu ddhism is not just as a religion, but it is also a phenomenon on different aspects corresponding social and cultural. During those times, the most promising aspect of Buddhism is cosmogony that was widely used in the ancient Indian.This includes the beliefs of karma as the one that dictates ones next life and samsara as the transmigration if souls by means of birth and rebirth. cosmogeny has become a significant concept that affected art, social life and different challenges in the social life. It can be concluded that the almost everything in Buddhism, its roots, origin of popularity first existed in India. One of its most significant motivations is its indiscriminate ideology for male and female, educated and illiterate, etc.Buddhism also put high regards in a path when he concluded that there is no wrong or harm in praising and honoring gods, or even practicing rituals as yen as they keep the objective of enlightenment in mind. At this point, Buddhism has become safe while ins tilling that people does not have to throw their phantasmal practices in order to follow the Eightfold Path. After Buddhas death, followers continued to practice and send the message orally, and was only first written during the first century of C. E. Several changes occurred in the practices of monks.From eating one meal a day for about eight months, then shifted in introducing the Buddhist monasteries. Buddhism has also a great impact in the Indias politics in ancient times. King Ashoka, after deaths caused by battles, became a strong follower of Buddhism. He taboo on animal sacrifices, sent missionaries in different known and popular countries. This has became the origin of art and architecture as a way of depicting Buddha in the human form. Another transformation of Buddhism is the development of sects, which are the Mahayana and Theravada.Mahayana is called Great Vehicle which is now exercise in China. Theravada was the first school of Buddhism, where it was formally taught. Undoubtedly, Buddhism spread to all different parts of Asia- first from India then after is China. Buddhism was firs received in China as a religion of merchants because of the environment of their primary contact with it then later became of more importance when missionaries started to came. Buddhism began to spread widely after the fall of Hans Dynasty.Just like in India, Buddhism was viewed in China like something that could offer everything to everyone, like a sense of peace and unity, which enable it to be followed by a wide range of people For the rulers and powerful, Buddhism presented them an extraordinary power. Also, like in India, Buddhism introduced equality in the treatment of women, and opposing parties. By this time, there was huge increased in the number of temples, followers, changes in arts such as sculptures and architectures. The effect of Buddhism in the Chinese arts was obvious enough to change the culture of Chinese.This can be notably seen in arts with the e xecution in the arts that emphasized the concepts of meditations, renounce space, etc. The ideology of Buddhism has greatly affected the Indian and Chinese culture, as well in the different countries worldwide. Its fairness and almost perfect ideology has become its power in creating a large span of followers. Buddhism achieved a degree of goodness in spreading its concepts like the fairness or the equality of nature. China and India were successful enough in fostering the improvement and growth of a revolutionary idea.

Bank of China and HSBC comparative analysis Essay

From the experiences of customers with internet depositing, it would be unmistakable that the internet services of HSBC have been comfortably established and have likewise been accepted as customer friendly, timely and efficient. An overwhelming three fourths customers have accepted that the security of the internet is greater than physical banking which indicates a high level of its effectiveness. It is also evident that those customers who have got accustomed to the use of the internet for banking are likely to continue with this experience.Thus where entrust of china had quite low scores for customer affection and efficiency at 32 and 41 % respectively, an overwhelming 81 % of the populace still wanted to continue with internet banking. The overall banking experience has been positive for 54 % of the customers of Bank of China and 67 % of the HSBC. Thus there is adequate scope for improving its services for the customer to provide them an excellent banking experience. Since banking is a personalized event, it is of affectionateness that the customer is provided a special touch be it the individual or the corporate.Failure to do the same give lead to loss of a customer which is not good for any business. As the competition in the Chinese banking space grows, it would be important to enhance the satisfaction level to the customer. The Bank of China is a thoroughly established banking financial institution, which has a tradition of almost a century of banking, It has been able to adapt to the changing environment very chop-chop over the years which is evident from a past turbulent history.Despite nationalization of the banking services in China in 1949 and subsequent liberalization in the 1990s the Bank has demonstrated admirable resilience in adapting to the changing norms and focusing on the development of services appropriate to the needs of the time. After the Chinese economy has opened, the bank has been particularly benefited as it has been a ble to exploit its strength of orbiculate business by integrating Chinese business needs with the global requirements. The Bank of China was the first Chinese bank to list in domestic as well as the international stock exchanges during the year 2006.(Interim Report, 2006). This will subject it to greater accountability and the management will have to conform to international standards of accounting systems with greater verification by share holder bodies. (Interim Report, 2006). The bank recorded very impressive results for the first half of 2006 with profits of RMB34,338 million and RMB19,477million, operating and net respectively. This was an increase over last year of 19. 72% and 28. 30% respectively. It is however seen that impairment losses are quite high at RMB5.479 billion, which demonstrates increase of RMB513 million over the same period last year. (Interim Report, 2006). This is the area of vex as controlled by the state, there is a possibility of increase in this facet which will be a set back to the growth and credibility of the Bank. Internationalization is the focus of the Bank of China and it has adapted maximum international banking practices in China. The Bank is always looking for opportunities to enhance its corporate as well as financial image and in pursuance of which it has become the sole banking partner of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.This to some extent will contribute to its commemorate image and also indicate its role towards fulfilling corporate social responsibility. (About Bank of China,. 2006). In China, the Bank has a very high reputation, being recognized internationally as the Best Bank as well as the Best Domestic Bank in China by Euromoney for a record octad times. (About Bank of China,. 2006). Apart from these many other awards are ac citeed to the Bank. Bank of China has a wide range of products and services for the corporate as well as the personal consumer which compare quite reasonably with that provided by HS BC.It has considerable advantage in offering foreign exchange services since it has been nominated as the lead branch and hence it obtains considerable benefits from the same. The ability of the bank to exploit its advantage is evident with its spot transaction policy to be settled on the second working day of conclusion of the foreign exchange transaction. It has various types of foreign exchange dealings, conducted by individuals the counter personnel or through the internet. (Forex, 2006). That the Bank is enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of its services is evident from the credit card programme.BOC provides a credit card which is valid nationally as well as internationally. at that place is a 50 day interest free repayment period and all payments up to the provided line of credit are provided conveniently. (Card, 2006). The card can also be used for drawing cash, there is a no risk report after loss which can be given on telephone. The BOC is progressively attempting to popularize this concept and has also tied up with various discounted retailers to provide benefit and enhance card usage. A recent introduction is a reward for increased usage of the card.(Card, 2006)Thus by spending 1 RMB, a customer gets the benefit of 1 point and for spending 1 US dollar, benefit of 8 points are given. These points can then be exchanged for various gifts including travel tickets, phone recharging and ordinary purchases based on various schemes prevalent. (Card, 2006).The application unconscious process has been simplified and there is a double currency facility for consumption as well as for withdrawal of cash based on the credit card. The services available through the bank being world wide, it proves of great benefit to Chinese individuals as well as business persons to hold these cards. (Card, 2006).

Informative Speech About Eating Disorders

f SPEECH PLAN FOR INFORMATIVE SPEECH TitleWhat lifestyle do you want to live? Understanding Your reference book TopicCredit Reports and Credit Scoring Specific PurposeI want my audience to understand the doers that make up their reference point lashings. Thesis contestation The factors that make up the citation scores atomic number 18 salary history, debt, length of credit history, new credit, and type of credit using upd. (www. myfico. com) Organizational PatternCategorical Forms of representExplanation, graphs, expert testimony, statistics. MESSAGE DESIGNDevelop Introduction Get their attentionComparison slide of house, car, and job. Make it hit homeReview the first slide. For many, the difference of these two types of lifestyles has vigour to do with knowledge or work ethic, but is based solely on their credit. Reveal TopicUnderstanding Your Credit, What options do you want? Aspects of SpeechWe are going to review the different factors that make up your credit score Yo ur payment history, debt, length of credit history, new credit, and type of credit used.Most of the slides and data provided are from FICO, the Fair Isaac Corporation, which the company that compiles credit scores. TransitionLets see how much we can cover in 6 minutes. 4-S Development of Main Points rule of thumb first factorFirst, lets talk about the payment history. State first factorThe Payment History is the largest single contributing factor to your credit score. Support first factorThe Payment History makes up 35% percent of your credit score. (www. myfico. com). The Payment History includes Revolving Accounts, Installment Accounts, Collections, and Public Records.Listings catch ones breath on the payment history for 7 years and bankruptcy information can remain on the payment history for up to 10 years. restate first factorThe payment history receives most of the attention when you and when lenders look at your credit. To keep a high credit score, you must keep your paymen t history completely clear of negative listings. The FTC estimates that as many as 75% of all credit reports include errors and inaccuracies (www. ftc. gov). For this reason it is important Signpost befriend factorNext, lets talk about debt.State second factorThe second largest factor that watchs your credit score is your debt. Support second factorWhen your credit score is calculated, the Fair Isaac Corporation will look at how much debt you realize. This will make up 30% of your credit score. Debt will not ineluctably economic crisiser your credit score, although that depends on where the debt is located. The type of debt that is most severely considered when calculating your credit score is your debt to credit ratio with your revolving accounts.According Lexington Law Firm (www. lexingtonlaw. com), to maximize your credit score you need to keep your credit card balances below 20% of their total balance within the FICO scoring updates in 2008. Your debt will also be looked a t by lenders to evaluate your debt to income ratio, although this does not affect your score. Summarize 2nd factorWhen we think of fixing our credit, most of us think of paying finish off our debts. This will not necessarily raise our credit scores, except in the case of lowering our credit card balances.Your credit score relies more heavily on making the payments on time, and your ratios then how much debt you have. Signpost third factor Next lets review the 3 smaller factors that influence your credit score. State third factorThe 3 smaller factors that influence your credit score are the length of credit history, new credit, and the types of credit that you use Support third factorThese other three types of credit make up the last 35% of your credit score, so together, they are just as influential to your credit score as your payment history.First they take the length of your credit history into account, FICO and lending institutions want to make sure that you have constituted l ong habits of utilizing your credit responsibly. Second creditors feel that it is a red flag if you are trying to apply for too many new forms of credit in a short period of time, so they track your inquiries (every time a creditor checks your credit for a purchase). These inquiries are most influential on your score for 1 year after they are do and completely fall off of your score after 2 years. The last factor is the types of credit used.FICO and lenders prefer that you have experience in paying off loans and using credit cards, although using only one of these types of credit can be sufficient to satisfy most of the 10% of the weight in this factor. Summarize third factorAs we establish credit, it is important that we keep a long stable history in our credit reports. Closing credit cards may hurt your credit because it will lower the length of your history. These small factors are usually discarded as we try to establish our credit, but for many, make up the difference between a 720 and an 850 credit score.Develop Conclusion Summarize pointsIn our society, we are constantly be judged by our credit score. For most of us, our standard of living will be determined by this score. It is important to keep a clean payment history, low balances on credit cards, and multiple credit lines for a long period of time to get the score that you need. Here is a listing of the tiers of credit scores and interest rates you may receive by being responsible with your credit. Restate your purposeYour credit is important, and it is tracked for years at a time.If youve made some mistakes, look into getting it fixed, and learn the principles of keeping a high credit score so youre not caught unawares of traps in the future. scraggy REFERENCES 1. Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO). www. myfico. com/crediteducation 2. Lexington Law Firm, John Heath, Directing Attorney. www. lexingtonlaw. com 3. Federal Trade Commission, The Impact of National Credit report under the Fair Credit Repo rting Act. http//www. ftc. gov/bcp/workshops/infoflows/statements/cate02. pdf

The Affects Of Smoking Health And Social Care Essay

Smoke is cardinal of the major slayers in our society today. It has a plentitude of do on the human wellness. These effects tush be real serious and many times lifelessly. Cigarettes contain more(prenominal) than over 4000 toxic chemicals. pot affects every map of the organic fertilizer building, from the internal variety meats to the immune system in the organic structure. Furthermore, smoking contributes to about two million premature deceases and more than one million chronic diseases in America each twelvemonth.Smoke is a bad wont which controls the immature and the grey-haired. It is the figure one slayer in the USA. This slayer is preventable but yet North America has non figure out how to halt it. ( 1 ) Smoke can escort psyche to a timely grave, but it can besides impact some one twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours.This bad wont is derived from baccy, a works that grows wildly throughout many parts of the tropical universe for its cherished foliages. These i ll-famed foliages are by and large grassd or chewed as a gustatory sensation of pick by huge bulk of muckle. Many surveies have found dealingss between sight and a less stamina capacity. ( 2 ) The habit-forming cistron found in coffin nails is called nicotine, which can besides be used to command person weight addition. These side effects are large in athleticss and some casual activities. Many surveies had been conducted, showing that if person green goddessd so they do less physical activity. One of the experiments conducted was on baccy drug users and non-smokers they were tested by running a endurance contest. The people who conducted the experiments took a epic set of mainly non-smokers and calculated their modus operandi. In the race the distance that was run was face-to-face associated to the day-to-day coffin nail usage. ( 3 ) The decision of the experiment was that the more person smoked, the less distance person can run. The longer a baccy user participant in t he race, the poorer they performed. In the experiment, the mean non-smoker could run about 2615 metres in 10 proceedingss, while a tobacco user with less than 2 old ages of experience who smoked about 20 coffin nails a twenty-four hours could merely run about 2285 metres. A tobacco user with more than 4 old ages of experience who smoke about 20 coffin nails a twenty-four hours could merely run 2185 metres. ( 4 ) These consequences show how the hapless pick people make can diminish their day-to-day public presentation the more they smoke in their life-time. Robert C. Klesges had conducted an experiment that found that although tobacco users did less free jog activities and played small or no athleticss, they will sometimes make a similar sum of anaerobiotic activities. ( 5 ) This besides showed that tobacco users had the same(p) energy consummation as non tobacco users, intending that their eating wonts were non gain in their fittingness degrees. ( 6 ) The trial showed that break off down aerophilic physical act can intend that smoking causes a encouragement in carboxyhemoglobin. Carboxyhemoglobin is the lessening of O that is transporting the capacity of the kind, which can do hypoxia in the tissues and can take to cut down physical public presentation. ( 7 )Furthermore, smoke is really harmful to one of the most of import systems in the organic structure which is the respiratory system. bullet affects the staying power capableness more than any other instrument in of fittingness like musculus strength or velocity. If an jock smokes they would no longer be able to utilize their musculuss every bit affect as they would desire to because of ability to transport O. Most athleticss and day-to-day activities require the jock to utilize big sums of energy. Athletes who smoke will non be able to acquire the necessary sum O to their organic structure, which can do them to execute at a really hapless degree. In some surveies scientist had proven that even if pe rson smokings, when they quit smoking, there degrees of physical activity will in ancestry their organic structure. ( 8 ) When you enumerate at all the great jocks in the universe, for illustration, Usain Bolt, LeBron James, Dwayne Wade, Candice Parker Michael Philips and the William sisters none of them have consume a baccy merchandise. Another ground why smoke is harmful is because of the effects it has on the human organic structure and how the nicotine affects organic structure weight. Nicotine is the drug that is found in coffin nails. This is by and large what gets tobacco users addicted to tobacco merchandises. Even through many different experiments has shown that tobacco users have a inclination to weigh less than non tobacco users. ( 9 ) Multiple skin crease trials were conducted during the experiments and the measuring of weight. More experiments that were conducted to demo how the rats had considerable less sum of carcase fat, intending that nicotine affects where shops fat. The more the rats got the nicotine the less fat they were. In the hypothesis the nicotine affected these fats by neutering the enzymes in the ordinance and the triglycerides for illustration adipose tissue and lipoprotein lipase. ( 10 )With many trials conducted one trial showed that 2.8 % of tobacco users have a lower entire organic structure fat. ( 11 ) The trial besides showed that tobacco users eat more Calories per twenty-four hours than non tobacco users. With all the trials conducted, research workers have concluded that nicotine can gain the metabolic rate. The trials besides found that nicotine had no tumorigenic affect on any critical organ in the organic structure, which means if nicotine is taken it should be hap in as a clean substance. Another feature of the affects of nicotine on weight is when the organic structure is no longer given nicotine. Most tobacco users quit found that they gained weight after. Scientists have calculated that the mean weight additi on after person quits smoke is about 5 lbs 14. This is one fright of why most tobacco users do nt block off because of the weight they will derive. The horror of organic structure expression is what because most people non to discontinue smoke.The affects of nicotine can be a great weight loss drug. It can assist people in athleticss, where the jock would necessitate to be light on weight. Surveies have proven that if it merely nicotine so it is non harmful to the organic structure, but it can be if it is given with baccy. ( 16 ) The jock would non see the physical effects of smoking on the organic structure, but can still hold control of their weight when utilizing nicotine.Cigarette smoke is the most of import hazard factor for immature work forces and adult females. ( 14 ) Smoke can still hold many different effects on the human organic structure. It affects the O transporting capacity of the blood and the lungs but nicotine is non truly harmful to the organic structure. When ni cotine is used it can be a powerful weight loss drug. The affects of smoke can do person to do a determination on whether to smoke.Some other things that smoking can do are malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes, gouge jobs, Pregnancy and childhood jobs, and tegument jobs. Smoking cause about 30 % of all malignant neoplastic disease deceases and about 87 % of lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases. Smoking can increase person hazard of acquiring 15 different malignant neoplastic diseases including nasal, pharynx, lip, pit, oral cavity, gorge, voice box, pancreas, kidney, neck, tummy and vesica. When person uses baccy when they have diabetes they are increasing their hazard of deceasing. There blood sugar degrees will raise and take to insulin opposition. A tobacco user who smokes more than 20 coffin nails a twenty-four hours duplicate their hazards of developing diabetes compare against people who do nt smoke. Smoking besides put a batch of color on the bosom. Smoking can dupl icate person opportunities of deceasing from coronary bosom disease which is the taking cause of decease in America. Roughly about 900,000 people die from coronary bosom disease each twelvemonth. Smoke can do blood vass providing the bosom to go narrow. Sometimes it can do blood curdling, raise blood force per unit area and weaken an arteria. When the arteria is weaken due smoking it is call abdominal aortal aneurism. Woman who smoke when they are pregnant dual their opportunities of holding a low birth weight babe. She can besides increase her opportunity of non doing it during the gestation. Babies that do last may increase their opportunities of acquiring asthma and ear infections. Harmonizing to Richard Hurt manager of the Nicotine Dependence Center at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Min baccy contains more than 4,000 chemicals in baccy can damage collagen and elastic, fibres that give clamber its strength and snap. As a consequence, tegument begins to droop and purse prematurel y. ( 12 ) It should be notes that Cigarette smoke increases the hazard of coronary bosom disease by itself and besides increases the hazard of perennial coronary bosom disease after beltway surgery. ( 14 ) gamehand fume is besides another slayer in the USA. Second manus fume is when person inhales the fume from a firing baccy merchandise. Peoples can be uncovered to secondhand fume in many different countries like at places, in your auto, and at the occupation. Other topographic points can include public topographic points, like bars, eating houses, and college. Peoples who inhale the fume are exposing their organic structures to about 4,000 different chemicals. At least 250 of the chemicals are harmful to the human organic structure for illustration, C monoxide, ammonium hydroxide, and H nitrile. More than 50 of the toxic chemicals can do malignant neoplastic disease to people who do nt even smoke but are at the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. Inhaling secondha nd fume can do lung malignant neoplastic disease in nonsmoking grownups and kids. About 3,000 lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases occur each twelvemonth among big nonsmokers in the America due the exposure to secondhand fume. Second manus fume can increase a nonsmoker s opportunities of developing lung malignant neoplastic disease by 20 to 30 % . withal some research showed that secondhand fume may increase the hazard of rhinal sinus pit malignant neoplastic disease, nasopharyngeal malignant neoplastic disease and chest malignant neoplastic disease in grownups. In kids 2nd manus smoke can do the hazard of leukaemia, lymphoma, and encephalon tumours. As a consequence, around one in a 100 deceases worldwide are due to inactive smoke, which kills an estimated 600,000 people a twelvemonth, population Health system of rules ( WHO ) research workers said. ( 3 )Smoke is a danger to anything that breathes. Smoking baccy can kill the people who smoke and the people who do nt. This slayer is preventable if everyone merely stays off. In add-on, coffin nail smoke is as widespread and important as a hazard factor that the Surgeon command has called it the taking preventable cause of disease and deceases in the United States. ( 5 ) Therefore, one should believe twice about the serious effects and hazard factor before doing the pick or patterns of smoking. As it is ever believed that wherever there is fume, there will decidedly be fire, the taking combination in the cause of decease and devastation in the universe.CitationPaul, Slovic. Smoke hazard, perceptual experience & A policy. 1. 1000s oak California Phase Publication, 2001. 78. Print. Cigarette Use in the U.S. , 1985-2002. earthly concern farmers calendar and Book of Facts. World Almanac education Group, 2004. 1417. 24 Oct. 2010. Cigarette Use in the U.S. , 1985-2001. World Almanac and Book of Facts. World Almanac Education Group, 2003. 1408. 24 Oct. 2010. smoke. The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th erect ile dysfunction. Columbia University Press, 2000. 35912. 18 Oct. 2010. What s bad about smoke. ( Tobacco ) . Get Smart About Drugs, ( Grades 2 3 ) , a Weekly Reader publication. Weekly Reader Corp. , 2001. 10+ . 19 Oct. 2010. Avoid the Nicotine Trap. ( Unit 3 Tobacco ) . Get Smart About Drugs, ( Grades 7 9 ) , a Weekly Reader publication. Weekly Reader Corp. , 2001. 18+ . 19 Oct. 2010. Cigarette usage in the U.S. , 1985-2004. ( Critical Statistics ) ( Statistical tabular coordinate ) . World Almanac and Book of Facts. World Almanac Education Group, 2006. 183. 19 Oct. 2010. It s Not Cool To Use Tobacco Talking Out Against Smoking. ( stabbing Substances ) . Staying Healthy 3, a Weekly Reader publication. Weekly Reader Corp. , 1994. S20+ . 20 Oct. 2010.Document URL Some Benefits of Discontinuing Smoking. World Almanac and Book of Facts. World Almanac Education Group, 2002. 549. 20 Oct. 2010. Tendencies in day-to-day usage of coffin nails, for U.S. 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. ( Health ) ( Statistical tabular array ) . World Almanac and Book of Facts. World Almanac Education Group, 2006. 166. General OneFile. Web. 19 Nov. 2010. Unit 3 Harmful Substances. Staying Healthy 3, a Weekly Reader publication. Weekly Reader Corp. , 1994. 6. 20 Oct. 2010.

The Burma Road Riot

Question 1a Write a detailed account of the Burma highway Riot in Nassau, Bahamas. At the attemptning of the Second World War the Ameri tooshie presidency made arrangements to build training bases in of the Caribbean Islands. Being a part of the Caribbean, The Bahamian government and the American government scheduled to build cardinal operational bases in virgin Providence, unmatchable in Satellite cogitation and the otherwise in Oaks written report, they alike called it the Main Field. This would consequently habituate over cardinal thousand men.The news began to spread to the outer islands and more out islanders saw it as a ingenuous opportunity to be employed for big stipend. During the last ten historic period the economy had declined due to the ending of prohibition in 1933. These Bahamians came to mod Providence because they knew that the Americans would pay high hires because some hunt d sustained on the American base in Exuma before. Unfortunately, the Bahamian workers were paid half the reward the Americans were paid for the same job.After failing to get the employer to remedy their unfair wage, on Sunday 31st May, 1942, the local workers gathered in front of the Pleasantville Construction comp all with the advise of getting their employer to improve their take offered to the two site the payment were lower than the employees expected, besides their wages were lower than the American wages who did the same job. Bahamian wages were exclusively four s hillockings for eight hours. This situation was so unfair it made the Bahamian workers frustrated and bitter against their white employers.As a result a supercharged working relationship amongst the Bahamian workers developed. Since there was no resolution in the meeting on the following day Monday, 1st June, 1942 laborers marched to bespeak route protesting that they be paid the full amount of wages by the Pleasantville Contr interpretors. The Bahamian protestors didnt kno w that it was the bay way Boys that told the Americans to pay the Bahamian employees less that it supposed to be. Because the Pleasantville Contractors didnt reply to the laborers request it made the workers more than infuriated. Moreover, the meeting that was agreed n with the workers and the Colonial Labor Officer neer materialized. This infuriated the workers even more. The disgruntled workers were attended by a mob of mess. They marched from Parliament via Nassau street with cubs and sticks. On their way they met a Coca-Cola truck filled with expel bottles which they pelted the windows of the buildings. They used those bottles as missiles. While the tumulting was at its height a carbon of police force with fixed bay unrivalledts and steel helmets came down from the barracks and remained standing in that formation for a achievement of magazine in front of the Post Office.While the sound of glass breaking and the crowd shouting, that could be heard up and down the stre et, the policemen moved on utter Street and were successful in dispersing just about of the bacchanters, which they reassembled in other places. The police could non cope with this situation so a detachment of British forces were called in. forwards the end of the day members of the Volunteer Defense Force were situated to the Barracks. When order was restored in the metropolis, throughout the by and bynoon isolated cases of violence were dealt with and some people were arrested. human beingsy of the shops were extensively looted.Several business shops were stripped of their stock. There were many of the people that were seen with armfuls of stolen goods leaving the city. As soon as the streets were completely clear the suspects were ordered to line of battle the stocks of the parcels that they were carrying on them. Some of the loot was recovered and people were arrested. The damages of the property and merc makeise ran into thousands of pounds. They attacked the cars that were moving and parked which were damaged very badly, Also the owners were at the wheel at some extremum and time. Liquor stores were looted as well and the drunkenness resulting added fuel to the sacking.In conclusion, this bingeing and robbery lead to two deaths and twenty-five injuries, they also arch the Red Cross. The revolting lasted for two long old age. After all the Duke of Windsor said that the Bahamian wages will be dealt with. Half more of the workers came back. On the quaternary June 1942, things were just about normal for everyone and wages were increased by one shilling for the local workers. This bacchanalia signaled that Black Bahamians were no longer going to be submissive to the oligarchy. Moreover, minatory Bahamians became united and silently fought for better living conditions and equal rights and justice.The Burma itinerary RiotIse a Man Political waking up and the 1942 Riot in the Bahamas Abstract When Americans began building their World War II ba ses in Nassau, the Bahamians they hired expected the high wage judge that usually accompanied foreign contracts. Unfortunately, the Bahamian government had negotiated much lower rates than were expected. Green, with his cry Ise a man,? captured the indignation that many of his co-workers felt. After attempts to address the wage issue by collective bargaining failed, two thousand labourers gathered at the building site chanting we want more money.?Their cries fell on deaf ears and police officers were called in to disperse the crowd. But, the police only succeeded in agitating the protestors. Eventually, armed with sticks and clubs, the attractorless crowd marched to where they would be heard. They marched to true laurel Street, the stage for some of the well-nigh significant events in the Bahamas history and a loving quad that has continually been at the centre of cultural, frugal and political biography in the country. Two days of rioting ensued. Although the riot was trig gered by a labor dis bewildere, it has been pulld as the initiative sign of a favorite proceeding in the Bahamas.And, some pretend showd the riot as a tremor along the fault line that divided the rich white Bahamians who owned businesses on Bay Street and the poor scandalouss who worked as laborers and lived in the poorer neighborhoods over-the-hill.? This paper is an effort to retell the story of the riot, focusing on its significance as the first sign of political change in the countrys black community. This paper was published in the Journal of Caribbean History, 41 (1 & 2) 2008. Paper presented at the 30th Annual Conference of the club for Caribbean Studies, The National Archives, Kew, UK, July 2006.We would like to thank Nicola Virgill and magic trick Rolle for comments on previous versions of this paper. The standard disclaimer applies. * I. Introduction At the beginning of the Second World War, the British and American governments made arrangements to build training bases on several of the British West Indian islands. Two of these operational bases were scheduled to be built on New Providence Island, the economic hub of the Bahamas one in Oaks Field known as Main Field and one in the western end of the island known as Satellite Field.The regard, as it was called, would employ over two thousand Bahamians. When the news about this employment opportunity was publicized, many men from the outlying Bahamian islands flocked to New Providence joining the already large labor pool that looked forward to the high wages that such foreign projects historically brought. The wages offered were not only lower than was expected provided there was an inequity of pay between Americans and Bahamian laborers employed at the same jobs.The men were dissatisfied further neither management nor government made any real steps to reconcile the wage dispute. What started as low grumbling among the men at work, exploded into two days of rioting that left six men dead, several people wound and Bay Street, the islands principal commercial district, and parts of Grants Town, where many of the laborers resided, in shambles. Dame Doris Johnson, noted Bahamian politician, has argued that the 1942 riot was a watershed event in the Bahamas political and racial history. That the June 1 and 2 disturbances were mblematic of a growing political consciousness within the Bahamas studyity black community and was the explosive start of what would ultimately be a relatively quiet conversion to usher in black rule and independence in the former British colony. As Johnson recorded, as a consequence of the riot the first changes of a new political aw arness began to be felt in the hearts of black people time, and the remarkable foresight, courage, and initiative of a few dedicated members of that majority were all that were required to crystallize this awareness into a mighty political force.?Sir Randol Fawkes, labor leader and parliamentarian, has concurred. As they rightly point out, the riot was the first major collective labor action in the Bahamas with political overtones. Political scientist, Colin Hughes, however, has questioned its significance. While accepting it as a precursor, he views it more as a symbolisation that was profitably mythologized and rallied around once the popular movement actually found its feet. According to Hughes, the riot was a evanescent outburst of defenseless energy? that provided martyrs and a heroic moment? o Bahamian blacks once a political movement had finally started.? Agreeing with Hughes, Gail Saunders sees it as a short-lived spontaneous outburst? after which the black heap slept on.? 3 Both deny any direct link to the dramatic socio-political developments in the 1960s, pointing out that nothing much happened in chemical reaction to the riot and that no real push for political power or majority rule could be said to exist in the Bahamas for more than a decade after the riot. They also poin t out that nothing like this ever happened again in the Bahamas making this event an anomaly.The riot, however, was more than an isolated act of venting. And, although a powerful symbol of black agency that has been referenced again and again in the political struggles of Bahamian blacks, the riot was more than a symbol. The riot had real (if not immediate) effects. Following Johnson, it is our contention that the riot is rightfully considered the first shot in the battle for political change in the Bahamas. The riot also kindled the development of a pro-black consciousness in the country, a necessary precursor to black rule and independence.At the time of the riot, political and economic life in the colony was assertled by a small group of white merchants who were headquartered on Bay Street. As Johnson describes, the usually docile and cheerful Bahamian workers? marched towards Bay Street, the space of white wealth, in an angry and belligerent mood.? The 1942 riot demonstrated to both Bahamian blacks and the oligarchs who were known collectively as the Bay Street Boys,? that Bay Street was vulnerable. Indeed, the riot showed quite clearly that the hold the merchant princes had on the Bahamas was far from complete and unassailable.The majority black macrocosm in the Bahamas could literally dismantle the edifices of minority white rule, if sufficiently provoked. The fissure that was created in 1942 would widen over the next few decades and within a quarter of a century it became a gapping hale that the majority black Progressive Liberal Party walked through to victory. This paper is an effort to retell the story of the riot, focusing on its significance as the first sign of political awakening in the countrys black community. II. Dont Lick Nobody Two Days of Mass serve On June 1, 942, just weeks after the Project had began, laborers from both Main Field and Satellite Field marched to Bay Street after their continual and by then quite loud demands for hig h wages were met with patronizing replies and admonishments to return to work. As Leonard Storr Green, who was convicted as one of the leaders of the group explains, one of the white bosses wanted to note up on the labourers so that they should go back to work. The crowd said they would not go back until they had some main proof about the wages and they did not go back.?The crowd marched to Bay Street carrying clubs and sticks and assembled in Rawson Square, across from the Parliament and outside the Colonial Secretarys office, hoping to put their plea for higher wages to someone in confidence.? Several members of the colonial government and the local assembly attempted to placate them, promising that if they dispersed and returned to work, their requests would be considered. They were nigh persuaded to put down their weapons and to go back to work but eye witnesses and members of the crowd of labors cite two things as triggering the riotous acts that took place.Some attributed t he change in crowds attitude to the presence of police superintendent overlord Edward Sears. Sears had been present at a peaceful but loud consequence at the Main Field about wages a day in the first place and had drawn his revolver in order to disband the crowd. As Green reports, Captain Sears presence on Bay Street made them angry because it looked as if he would do something.? Others blamed Attorney General Eric Hallinans insensitive remarks. Hallinan was among those who had attempted to mollify the crowd.As Hallinan would subsequent testify, he informed them that the American contractors had intended to bring in labourers from America? but had changed their minds since the Bahamians had done so well.? He then warned the workers not to spoil that record.? The crowd perceived his remarks as a threat. If they did not return to work quietly, they would be replaced by workers from America. As Hallinan later recognized, those remarks of mine were, I think misunderstood by the crow d and there was signs that they resented those remarks.?Whatever the catalyst, a portion of the crowd that had marched to Rawson Square singing fast(a) anthems turned their attention away from diplomacy and bargaining and began to wad their frustrations out on Bay Street. They moved down the street smashing car windows and breaking storefronts. Although the beginning crowd human actioned in the thousands, it is hard to tell the number of people that actually took part in the violent outburst that followed their peaceful march to Bay Street. It is also heavy to determine which of the various groups of people who participated in the protest did which acts.It appears that the people that broke windows were not the same people that would later loot the stores. But the record here is not entirely clear. As the workers marched to Bay Street from Oakes Field that Monday morning, their numbers were augmented by people who lived in the black communities that they walked through on their way to Bay Street. It is therefore quite viable that a portion of the crowd left peaceably after having made their case, a portion lashed out at the shops and automobiles that were parked on Bay Street, and that an whole different portion of the crowd looted the shops.After allowing the rioters and looters almost free reign on Bay Street for most of the morning, a force comprised of police officers and the Camerons Highlanders, a group of Scottish soldiers who were stationed in Nassau to protect the Duke of Windsor, who was Governor of the Bahamas, were brought in to sweep the street clean of protestors. This worked and by midday they managed to push most of the crowd over the hill,? to the poorer neighborhoods outside the city center. There was a standoff in the Grants Town area at to the corner of cotton fiber Tree and Blue heap bridle-path between a small crowd of rioters and about 40 police offices and soldiers.The crowd was throwing rocks at the combined forced. superstar rock hit a Cameron Highlander and knocked him unconscious. During this standoff, one civilian was shot and killed, another was shot and eventually died in the hospital and five men were injure and recovered. It is possible that the crowd that rioted in Grants Town were not from that neighborhood. Indeed, several Grants Town occupiers insisted that the rioters were not from their settlement. As Alfred McKenzie, a black merchant, who owns a store in Grants Town recounts, I didnt recognize any one especially.I think there were just a few leaders and the majority of the crowds were looking for what they could get after the places was broken into. Young men and women made up this crowd.? Whatever the composition or origin, the police had a hard time subduing the crowd in Grants Town. Having failed to control the crowd, the police read the Riot Act at about one oclock in the afternoon, ten minutes after the incident at Cotton Tree, set curfew and left Grants Town. With the police went t he authority of law and the force of the curfew. After the forces ithdrew, the crowd, many who by now were intoxicated, laid siege to the Grants Town police station, set fire to a filling station, fire truck and ambulance, looted the post office and library and broke into many of the small neighborhood businesses. Rioting and looting took place in this community all through the night. The police would later argue that their withdrawal saved lives. The crowd was in such an agitated mood, their commanding officer testified, that it would direct taken extreme measures to contain them. The police therefore felt it was better not to be in a situation where they would be forced to fire on the crowd.Although some citizens testified before the Commission that if the forces had returned to Grants Town they could have easily pacified the it without trouble,? others reported that by this time the mob here was so drunk that they could only have been pacified at a very massive loss of life.? T he Commission observed that, in fact, only one person was injured in Grants Town after the forces had been withdrawn and that was a rioter who was shot by a unilateral man in defence of his shop. A few shops, mainly booze shops, were broken into but the amount of damage done, although considerable, was not great.?In Grants town the rioting was not only more violent but also seemed to have been much more 16 random than on Bay Street. Whereas on Bay Street, there was a decided pattern to the stores that were destroyed and looted, there seemed to be none in Grant Town. On Bay Street there are numerous episodes of shop proprietors and other citizens existence able to reason with the crowds in Grants Town, there was no listening to reason. It was the opinion of most observers that the amount of alcohol consumed played a great part in the violence and destruction that took place that evening.Riots are often intoxicating because of the lure of recklessness and the sudden freedom to act on the basest of relishs. When that allure is coupled with the intoxication of alcohol the dangers are magnified. In Grants Town a number of bars had been broken into. In Captain Sears report of what took place once the crowd was pushed over the hill, he states that the Red Lion Bar had been broken into and all the liquor taken from there.? 18 17 Lance Corporal Gooding reported that when he went over the hill from Bay Street that Bethels Bar on the corner of Martin Street and Blue Hill road was being broken into.?Complaining of the riot, one resident of Grants Town testified, I think there are too many liquor stores in Grants Town.? After the rioting in Grants Town, concerned citizens One of the two later fatalities was the result of a Grants town resident protecting his property from a looter who refused to listen to reason. In his testimony, Clifford Holbert a stone mason who was protecting a shop that he owned with his father relays the incident that took at about 10 a. m. on J une 2, I was sitting on the counter and the leader who is called Johnson held his hand up and made a sign to the man.Johnson had a carpenters hammer in his hand. He made a sign to the men and said, flummox on, boys lets go in. I said to them, why dont you behave yourselves, arent we all colorful? They still came in. The others besides the leader had sticks, bottles and stones and some of them had empty sacs as if to put my property in. I was sitting on the counter with a shotgun on my knees. They flocked around me and as they flocked around me the gun went off. The leader was taken up to the hospital and was dead.? submitted a petition asking for re-zoning, because as it stood there were 30 liquor stores in the southern district.Throughout the night, bands went through the settlement looting and generally causing havoc. On the morning, June 2 , a handful of businesses and residences were singled out for attack. Mr. George Coles Eastern Pharmacy located on Shirley Street was one of them. Cole was a white merchant whose Grants Town store had been destroyed the previous afternoon. nd A gang from Grants Town marched to Shirley Street to loot the store. The Highlanders responded to the phone calls reporting the happenings at the pharmacy and were able to disperse the crowd without incident.The looting of Coles pharmacy and the liquor store next door to it were the last actions of the riot. Reassured by the Duke of Windsor, the Governor of the Bahamas that the wage question would be dealt with, more the half the workers returned to work on June 4 and by the end of the week, life returned to normal. 21 III. Political First Steps On The Meaning of the Riot th Most historians who have studied the riot have argued that it was not a significant precursor to the political movements that would take place in the Bahamas over the next few decades.The riot, they contend, was just a flitting outburst and its effects, they suggest, are difficult to trace. Doris Johnson, it s supposed, was mistaken when she described the rioters as being consciously engaged in a struggle for their rights and suggested that the riot caused stirrings in the hearts of the poor and the not-so-poor Bahamians? that ultimately led to political and social change in the Bahamas. One witness to the riot, Etienne Dupuch, the editor of a local newspaper and a person long thought to be in touch? ith the social attitudes of the Bahamian people argued that the riot was the natural outcome of the narrow economic, political and social policies pursued by a small but dominant political group in this colony during the last quarter century.? Similarly, Hughes has described the riot as a momentary outburst of raw energy.? 23 22 And, Saunders, agreeing with both Dupuch and Hughes, has called the riot a short lived spontaneous outburst by a group of disgruntled labourers *that+ occurred against a background of narrow socio-economic and political policies.?If the riot, however, was the openi ng skirmish in the battle for majority rule in the Bahamas can we fairly describe it as a momentary or short-lived outburst? Likewise, is it fair to blame the riot on a group of disgruntled workers when many of the rioters were not affiliate with the project? And, finally, is it accurate to describe the system of exploitation and oppression that hemmed in much of the black majority and privileged the Bay Street oligarchs as simply narrow socio-economic and political policies? As noted above, Saunders claims that the sentiments which fueled the riot were short-lived.? Black anger,? he contends, erupted spontaneously? and then quick died.? Similarly, Hughes has called the riot a momentary outburst.? To be sure, the riot was just a two-day affair hostilities began the morning of June 1st, 1942 and by the afternoon of Tuesday, June 2 , 1942 the rioting and looting was over. Even if one includes the small demonstration at Oakes Field on the preceding Sunday, the 1942 riot was still (in one sense at least) a brief disturbance. Still, it would be a mistake to describe the riot as just a momentary eruption. The riot was an important first step in the popular movement that would envelope the Bahamas in decades to come.The racial and political consciousness which fueled the quiet revolution in the Bahamas was ripened during this disturbance. And, as we argued elsewhere, processes of identity convergence and identity construction were certainly at work during the riot. continues to be a powerful symbol of black agency and has been referenced again and again in the political struggles of Bahamian blacks, relived in songs, sermons and speeches. Admittedly, its difficult to pinpoint the beginning of any movement. Did the Civil Rights movement in the United States begin with the landmark Brown versus the Topeka Board of Education decision in 1954?Or, did it begin a year later with the Dr. Martin Luther King led Montgomery Alabama bus boycott? Or, did it begin twenty five y ears earlier during the 1919 red summer riots? These were among the first race riots in U. S. where blacks offered a unified response. Similarly, did the South African Civil Rights movement begin in 1976 with the Soweto riots or did it begin with the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960? Each of these is arguably a valid start date for these movements. If we can never be certain about when a movement starts, however, we can perhaps be confident about when a movement is clearly underway.Although the political awareness and willingness to take on the Bay Street oligarchs that Bahamian blacks evidenced during the riot would be increasingly evident in subsequent years, they were rarely exhibited before the riot. The 1937 riot in Matthew Town, Inagua and the 1935 labor disturbance at Roland T. Symonettes Prince George Hotel are two possible draw offions. But, even with these there are more differences than similarities. Although the 1937 riot involved violent attacks on members of the white mer chant class by members of the black working class, it resulted from a personal vendetta,? nvolved less than a handful of blacks and failed to develop into a political or labour riot.? The 1935 disturbance did involve between three and four hundred men but it resulted from their being unhappy that they could not find employment and there was no destruction of property or loss of life. With the possible exception of the semiannual Junkanoo festivals, when whites gave blacks permission to roam free on Bay Street and veiled complaints were sometimes expressed, there was no time prior to the 1942 riot when blacks ventured into the white oligarch controlled city center to openly voice their dissatisfaction with the local uling elite. Additionally, processes of identity convergence and construction were obviously at work during the riot. individuality convergence is the process by which an individual uses participation in group activity as a way of pursuing goals and behaving in ways that are consistent with his individual sense of self. Identity construction is the process through which personal identities are aligned with the collective identity of a movement to which he belongs. The riot was an opportunity for blacks to express their dissatisfaction with the merchant prince dominated socio-economic system and to demand change.For many of the rioters, Greens bold declaration Ise a man? explained and justified their actions. They had no choice but to stand up. The protest and riot was their opportunity to stand up. The riot also had a transformative effect on the black population in the Bahamas. It is worth repeating that before the riot, black Bahamian resistance to the white merchants political and economic hegemony was muted at best. The riot was a very public metamorphosing of the black laboring class in the Bahamas from docile and compliant to active and defiant.This change would be celebrated in popular song and political speeches. There are several folk song s that reference the riot including Dont Burn passel Burma Road? and Going Down Burma Road.? The Project was divided between two sites, Main Field and Satellite Field, and the workers called the road between the two sites, which was used primarily to transport workers and equipment back and forth, Burma Road after the Burma Road in Southeast Asia that connected British Burma to China. The popular Going Down Burma Road? with its haunting refrain dont drone nobody? s so closely connected with the riot that some participants insists that it was sang by the rioting crowd even though the evidence show they were composed much later on. As Hughes described, the riot provided martyrs and a heroic moment? for Bahamian blacks. Just four year after the riot, for instance, H. H. Brown, a Wesleyan minister, asked his congregation to take responsibility for their government. To punctuate his point, he harkens back to the riot. That a people have the kind of government that it deserves goes wit hout saying. A criticism of the local government is therefore a criticism of the entire population.Until people waken to their own responsibilities, they will not have a responsible government. But nothing can possibly justify the attempt of any government to keep the people asleep. Who has learned the lesson of the (1942) riot? Similarly, Randol Fawkes begins a speech 13 years after the riot with these words Remember the first of June, 1942.? And, in the 1990s when Sir Lynden Pindling, often referred to as the father of the nation,? was summing up the road to self-determination in the Bahamas, he began his history with the Burma Road Riot. When the great heroes of our struggle stood on Burma Road,? he intoned, they did not stand alone. When they stood in the General Strike against the property vote for the womans vote with the sell unionists *and+ for majority rule, they did not stand alone.? The effect of the riot on the reigning elite was also not short-lived. Although onl y moderate reforms were passed in response to the riot, the ruling elite did not forget that these docile polite Bahamians could be turned otherwise if provoked. As Sherouse explains, the threat of mob violence surely impacted those in power.To forestall more radical change, white leaders made minor political adjustments.? It might appear that very little came out of the riot legislatively Colin Hughes, Race and Politics in the Bahamas, 212-213. Rev H. H. Brown, sermon at Governors Harbour, Eleuthera, January 14, 1946 quoted in Phil Cash, Shirley Gordon and Gail Saunders, eds. , Sources of Bahamian History (London MacMillan Caribbean, 1991) 291. Rosalie Fawkes, ed. , Labour Unite or leave The Writings that Launched A Movement by Sir Randol Fawkes, ((Florida Dodds Printing, 2004), 2. Patricia Beardsley Roker, ed.The Vision of Sir Lyndon Pindling In His Own Words, (Nassau Bahamas The Estate of Lyndon Pindling, 2002), 163. Scott Sherouse, Authority and Stratification in the Bahamas Th e Quest for Legitimacy? (Ph. D. diss. , Florida International University, 2004), 56. but the minor reforms that did result sent a great signal. A chink in the armor of Bay Street had appeared. They were now making concessions when before such demands would have been rejected out of hand. The riot impressed upon the Bay Street Boys the understanding that they could not hold the space of Bay Street as their own domain, to be leased out one or two days a year.Although the riot certainly grew out of a wage dispute, several of the people who rioted and looted on Bay Street in the morning and Grants Town that afternoon and evening were not directly affiliated with the Project. Moreover, the Project laborers who were involved in the riot were lashing out at more than unfair wages. As the workers marched from Main Field to Bay Street, women, children and men not affiliated with the Project, joined in and participated fully in the events that transpired.As Oswald Moseley an agent for the Sun Life Insurance Company of Canada who witnessed the events reported, there were lots of women in the crowd and they were inciting the men on and the women to my mind started the looting, which the men joined.? And, I saw a woman getting into a window and walking about inside the store making a selection of his stuff.? Cartwright similarly insisted that most of the looting was done by the youngsters and women. I saw a girl come with a stick and she smashed a window which had not been broken, then she ran away, then she came back and took what she wanted out of this window she had broken.? McKenzie ikewise testified that young men and women made up the crowd? that he saw rioting on June 2 Ironically, because the riot was so heavy on the minds of the ruling elite, they banned the semiannual celebration of Junkanoo in which people from over the hill claimed Bay Street in a loud and boisterous parade. The crowd also seemed to be broadly representative of the black working class populatio n in the Bahamas. The Bahamas is an archipelago with dozens of inhabited islands besides the chief island, New Providence, which hosts the Bahamas capital city, Nassau. It is noteworthy that the crowds, although drawn mainly from the over-the-hill? rea, contained individuals who were originally from these Out Islands.? Although a resident of Grants Town, Bertram Cambridge insisted that the rioters were all strangers? to him and that they were people from the out islands who were quite unfamiliar to him and must have come over to get work at the project.? It is also noteworthy that the crowd contained both skilled and unskilled workers. An effort to establish a broadly representative union just a few years before the riot had failed to launch because skilled workers would not participate. The riot was, thus, the first time that a ross-section of blacks from all over the Bahamas stood together in a habitual cause. And, again, that common cause was not just higher wages, though that was their immediate concern. They were more broadly concerned, however, with economic justice they were receiving unequal pay for equal work. American workers were getting paid as much as 4 times more than Bahamian workers for doing the some jobs. As Dupuch mighty observed, the difference in wages paid to Bahamian and American employees at the Project provided scope for considerable agitation which was greatly accentuated The second-rate erson doesnt usually grumble about his wages if they are reasonably fair, but no one appreciates being given a lower human valuation when he is doing the same work along side a person of a different nationality or race. When it was announced that their would be a construction development on New Providence that would employ over two thousand laborers, men from the Out Islands which were poor and agrarian flocked to the capital. Tariffs, hurricanes, droughts and blight made once profitable crops barely able to sustain the average farmer.Oscar Johnso n, a produce agent turned tailor, told the Select Committee that in 1928, however, a tariff was put on which prevented us from importing our tomatoes to the United States. It was then necessary to get a new market and I then represented Canadian firms sending the tomatoes to Canada. We had a number of hurricanes intermittently about 1932 and in between them we had droughts.? Witnesses of the riot affirm the fact that many of the rioters were not from over the hill, but were from the Out Islands. Moreover, some list the overpopulation caused by Out Islanders seeking a better life in Nassau as one of the reasons for the riot.Thaddeus Johnson, a proprietor of a place where labor congregated, supports Dupuch supposition. When the Americans took over the project,? he testified, there was considerable dissatisfaction over the wages. The workmen figured it this way. They figured that this was an American job. They expected much bigger wages than the Nassau standard. No one seemed able to explain to the workmen why they could not receive the American wage. The American wage on the other side of Florida is very high, but I think that the workmen had in their minds at least two or three dollars a day.This was an issue of fairness. Based on how they had been mistreated in the past by the white merchant class in the colony, the workers understandably assumed that the Bay Street merchants were responsible for this in equivalence. During the riot, Bahamian blacks were lashing out at their unfair wages and all the other injustices. There was also a matter of subsistence. Wages in general had not increased on par with the cost of living and it was difficult to survive on the wages they were being offered at the Project. This was particularly the case because this was temporary employment.It was easier to stomach making smaller wages if they were steady wages. As Bruce Johnson, an insurance agent with clients all over Nassau, reports, the workmen were purpose it harder and harder to get along owing to the increased cost of living.? When Leonard Storr Green realized that he would only receive 4 shillings a day determined that he would need a better paying job because we cantlive on four shillings a day now according to the prices in the stores.? Moreover, the riot (and the desire for equal and sufficient wages) seems to have been related to their desires for full citizenship.Bahamians are very expressive people and have a wealth of folk Evidence of Richard John Anderson Farrington, The Russell Commission, 271. The crowd was unaware that the wages were fixed by London and Washington and assumed that it was the colonial powers that were keeping them from getting what was due them. In Samuel Cartwrights barbershop on Friday May 29th, Americans from the project were discussing the project generally and the price of labour. They said that the company wanted to pay higher wages to the working people here but the government and the bay street merchants had be en hindering this payment of higher wages.?Evidence of songs from which the workers could have chosen as they marched to Bay Street. They could have kept cadence with the goatskin tympan or many other traditional percussion instruments. Instead of choosing ethnic instruments or songs, however, the workers chose patriotic songs, songs of the British Empire, as their songs of protest. One observer, Oscar Johnson, a tailor on Bay Street, remembers that it was a large crowd of people marching down George Street singing Well never let the old Flag Fall and that intermingled with the patriotic songs some were saying, we want more wages.?These two, patriotic songs and a cry for more wages were intermingled because the laborers did not see these two sentiments as being inapposite with one another. With their songs they appealed to their rights as Englishmen. Perhaps here we can learn from Benedict Andersons work on nations and nation-ness?. Anderson explains that nations are imagined comm unities? because they picture ties that connect the citizenry together over long distances and through time. Of the things that connect people together few are stronger than national symbols such as national anthems. No matter how trite the words and mediocre the tunes,? Anderson explains, there is in this singing an experience of simultaneity. At precisely such moments, people wholly unknown to each other deliver the same verses to the same melody. The image unisonance the echoed physical realization of the imagined community.? The same holds true for other national symbols such as the flag or the coat of weapons they also serve as realizations of imagined community. Interestingly, there were two incidents where imperial symbols were attacked.One was the burning of the picture of the royal family by Alfred Stubbs, one of the rioters. The second was the burning of the English flag. pile McPhee offered a poignant explanation for his behavior. I willing to fight under the flag,? h e explained, I willing even to die under the flag, but I aint gwine starve under the flag.? While appealing to their rights as subjects of the crown they were also distancing themselves from the crown showing their alienation from the imperial structure which had not ensured the justice that they sought. They were British subjects but they were dissatisfied British subjects.Just like the smashing and looting of Bay Street was an attack against the economic status quo, the desecrating of nationally exemplary objects was a political attack. An attack that was not meant to reject British citizenship but to claim the protection and the rights of a British colonial. Again, it is meaningful that when they did not get any satisfaction from their employers, they marched to the center of government in the country, the Parliament Building and the Colonial Office. Beyond concerns for economic justice and political empowerment, the rioters were concerned with the lack of racial equality in the colony.Although the Russell Commission concluded that the riot had nothing to do with the question of race, the Duke of Windsor who had called for the Commission was certain that their was strong racial feelings on both sides? and that Bahamas wage rates was only an excuse to make a vigorous and noisy protest against the white population.? As Saunders states, racial tension was an underlying cause of the riot.? On Bay Street, the rioters did not target black owned stores. Harry S. Blacks Candy Kitchen, one of the few black owned stores on Bay Street, was not looted. And, as Craton and Saunders report, the damage was not indiscriminate such shops as those owned by the Speaker of the Assembly and the wife of one of the white Project supervisors were almost gutted, but the shoe store owned by Percy Christie, the white would-be labor organizer, was left untouched.? Additionally, the rioters were openly hostile to the whites that they encountered. Speaking of the crowd, John Damianos, a marketplace merchant on Bay Street said, My impression was that when they saw a white face they were particularly infuriated and I think it had reached a point which was largely motivated by some racial feelings.I have never seen anything like this before.? Roland Cumberhatch also overhead the mob proclaim, no white man is transition here today.? It is a gross understatement to describe the set of socio-economic and political norms that existed in the Bahamas during the first half of the twentieth century as merely a entreaty of narrow policies. The policies were narrow to be sure and certainly favored the merchant princes. But, they amounted to a very real and complete (if relatively mild) system of apartheid. In 1942, blacks in the Bahamas were clearly second class citizens in the colony.And, most blacks depended on the whites oligarchs for the livelihoods. As Dr. Claudius Walker complained before the Russell Commission in 1942, in the Bahamas t he coloured man makes all the c oncessions. I challenge any man in this colony to say that I am wrong in that. The coloured man is discriminated against in the churches, in the theatres, in the private schools.? If there is harmony between the black and white populations, Dr Walker went on to say, it is harmony at the expense of the coloured population.? Saunders confirms Dr. Walkers claim. In fact, until the late 1950s,? he states, blacks were barred from all hotels, were not allowed in some restaurants, movie houses and were only allowed to enter some churches by the rear door. Certain schools did not accept black children and many business firms were closed to them as places of employment.? racial discrimination was the norm. Racial animosity was quite commonplace. Racial prejudice was the order of the day. An almost indelible line divided the black and white communities in New Providence. Most of the blacks were very poor and lived outside the city center in the over-the-hill? ommunities like Bain Town and Gra nts Town. These communities, located to the south of Bay Street and separated from the city center by a small hill, were settled by liberated Africans and ex-slaves in the nineteenth century. As was the case since emancipation one hundred years earlier, blacks worked but never lived in the white areas from Bay Street to Montague. Segregation not so pronounced The Bay Street oligarchs also controlled the country politically and economically. Klaw has described them as a dozen or so Nassau merchants, lawyers, and real -estate brokers who are *named after+ the street here they have their shops and offices *and are+ in firm control of the Bahamas government, running it with a free hand.? Similarly, Themistocleous has called them the merchant princes of Nassau with one hundred-plus years of hegemony over non-white groups.? The Report of the 1942 Commission of Enquiry into the riot has likewise described them as elected representatives, who are collectively known as Bay Street, (in whi ch street or its immediate neighbourhood all the twenty-nine members of the House of Assembly except two have their places of business).?Not surprisingly, whites were generally unaware of how dissatisfied Bahamian blacks were with this system that privileged whites and constrained blacks. Surprise was their most common reaction to the riot. For instance, Morton turtle testified, I was amazed to find that the crowd felt hostile towards me. I have always felt in sympathy with the labourers and given them a good wages.? Similarly, Etienne Dupuch stated, The riot came as a complete surprise to me.I never thought that our people could be agitated to the point of rioting because they have always enjoyed the desirable reputation of being patient docile and law-abiding.? J. P. Sands spoke for many when he said, I thought that everybody in the island was quite happy until about 8 oclock on June 1st.? The riot, then, occurred against a backdrop of extreme racial oppression and is correctly understood as an expression of black dissatisfaction with the prevailing social, economic and political order. The white oligarchs never quite understood the depths of black discontent with the existing system.Although able to pacify the majority black population for a time, bye labor union legislation, extending the secret ballot to the Out Islands, and the series of concessions that were made in the years after the riot did not placate the black masses once and for all. Nothing short of majority rule, the white oligarchs would find out in subsequent years, could satisfy the black population. IV. Conclusion Although the 1942 riot has been described as a key event in the political development of the Bahamas, scholars have consistently downplayed its significance.Hughes, for instance, has described the riot as a momentary outburst of raw energy? that provided martyrs and a heroic moment? to Bahamian blacks once a political movement had finally started.? Similarly, Saunders has sugg ested that black anger erupted spontaneously and then quickly died.? The reason that they discount the significance of the riot, we believe, is because they focus too intently of its immediate socio-economic and political consequences. Since little on the surface changed in the aftermath of the riot, they concluded that the riot did not change much in the Bahamas.In a sense, they are correct. The Bay Street oligarchs barely loosened their grip on social, political and economic life in the country after the disturbance. And, it took two and a half decades for the majority black Progressive Liberal Party to snatch political control from the Bay Street merchant princes. This preoccupation with immediate effects, however, obscures the true importance of the riot. In our view, it cannot be reduced to a short lived spontaneous outburst by a group of disgruntled labourers *that+ occurred against a background of narrow socio-economic and political policies.?First, we see it as the opening skirmish in the battle for majority rule in the Bahamas. The political awareness and willingness to take on the Bay Street oligarchs that Bahamian blacks evidenced during the riot was rarely exhibited before the riot. After the riot, evidence of their political awakening was quite obvious. Second, the anger vented by the rioters was reflective of the dissatisfaction felt by the entire black working class not just the workers on the Project.As Sir Randol Fawkes correctly surmised, when that mob marched on that early June morning, they took upon their shoulders the common burdens of all Bahamians.? And, finally, their fight was not against an inadequate welfare system but against a system that oppressed the black majority in the Bahamas and privileged the Bay Street oligarchs. The riot set in motion a political snowball that would result in a movement whose final triumph would be majority rule and the dismantling of the system of apartheid that inhibited Bahamian blacks socially, po litically and economically.

Internet uses in University courses Essay

The research by Wang (2007) discusses the issue of earnings use specifically by lecturers in a university setting. The researchers examined three research questions in their study. The first was to determine whether or not professors in universities were effectively utilizing the mesh as an instructional aid. The second was to assess the finish to which the internet is being used in such settings and the last was to analyze how students perceive the use of internet in the classroom by lecturers.The study have-to doe with a total of 624 students registered in the three major colleges of a single university in the Pacific Rim of the U. S. This was at a public university and the respondents were from both sexes, 62% of whom were females. These students also represented a cross-section of areas of study in education, business and the arts and sciences. The instrument used to collect data was a questionnaire designed by the researchers. For each item on the questionnaire the responden ts were required to produce their response based on a 1-5 Likert scale.The statistical package SPSS was used as the data outline tool. The researchers obtained descriptive statistics of the data using primarily the means. Based on the means produced from the students responses the researchers determine that the internet is not being effectively used by lecturers in university classrooms and that where such use existed it was not wide-spread. Additionally the researchers add that lecturers were far more comfortable to allow students to utilize this resource independently and made little set about to facilitate students usage of the internet or incorporate such into the classroom.The implications of this finding are that university lecturers will need to get training in the different tools that the internet has to offer so that they can more effectively incorporate them into their classroom. In addition there is the suggestion that students are more capable than professors in manip ulating these tools and olibanum lecturers need to update themselves. One strength of the study is that it involved the views of students from a cross-section of majors so that it gave a more rounded view of internet use across the university and was not limited to certain areas of study.However there is need to have a more broad-based analysis of the internet usage item across multiple universities in different regions of the U. S. so as to determine if geographical or other factors are a hindrance to usage. Furthermore the behold depended solely on the views of students and did not take into consideration what the lecturers themselves felt. It would be useful to get their views to see if what the students report conforms to that of the lecturers.References Wang, Y. (2007, April). Internet uses in University courses. International Journal of E-Learning, 6(2), 279-292.

Discuss symbolism and its effectiveness in the Iliad Essay

Symbolism plays a crucial role in The Iliad. Take for pillow slip when Achilles already knows why Apollo is choleric, but decides the accompaniment should be stated by someone other than himself. He knows that Agamemnon will become angry once the truth is revealed. I believe that in this instance he is trying to keep his rage in check by avoiding a direct confrontation with Agamemnon so although the symbolism of anger is present it is unploughed under wraps. Calchas also fears for his spiritedness because he also knows Agamemnons fury is unyielding at times.However, with a great deal of get aheadment from Achilles, Calchas spoke out, courageously Beware-The gods enraged because Agamemnon spurned his priest (106). When the truth is exposed, Agamemnon becomes extremely angry and he and Achilles argue. The lean becomes so heated that Achilles is tempted to kill Agamemnon. Achilles questions himself, Should he draw the want sharp sword slung at his hip, thrust through the ranks a nd kill Agamemnon nowor check his rage and beat his fury down (108). Here, Hera has A and soa intervene to keep Achilles from killing Agamemnon, which shows how the gods control Achilles destiny.The contention between Achilles and Agamemnon clearly shows that the two men have different opinions about the power of the gods, what is holy or unholy, and what is meet treatment of other men. These differences are one source of Achilles rages likewise the issues pertaining to power and gods are being symbolised. Achilles is also angry at having to fight a nonher cosmoss battle. The Trojan warfare is being fought because Paris stole Helen, Agamemnons sister-in-law.In his argument with Agamemnon, Achilles points out It wasnt Trojan spearmen who brought me here to fight. The Trojans never did me damage, not in the least (107). Achilles rage heightens in the argument and he declares No, you colossal, shamelesswe all followed you, to please you, to fight for you, to win your honor back fro m the TrojansMenelaus and you, you dog-face (108). Achilles is also angry because even though he and many other soldiers are there risking their lives for Agamemnon and Menelaus, Agamemnon is sly enough to avoid personal injury.Achilles says to Agamemnon, Never once did you arm with the serviceman and go to battle or risk an ambush packed with Achaeas picked menyou lack the courage, you can see death coming (109). The Trojan War is being fought for personal reasons. Achilles rage at this point stems from the injustice that he is risking his life for someone elses cause and also for the fact that Agamemnon is a coward. The argument between Achilles and Agamemnon has deep-seeded roots of jealousy, another and symbol emotion that stirs anger.Agamemnon knows that Achilles has the respect of the soldiers and the gods therefore, Agamemnon is always striving to prove his superiority and powerfulness to Achilles. Agamemnon agrees to give Chryseis back to the priest, but then takes Brisies from Achilles. Achilles allows Agamemnons men to take Brisies without a fight in order to maintain the respect of the gods however, after Brisies is taken, Achilles becomes so enraged and heart disordered that he reaffirms his resolve not to fight anymore.Achilles declares that Agamemnon is to blame for the doom of the Achaean legions if the day should come when the armies need me to save their ranks from ignominious, stark defeat (112). Jealousy, then, can be viewed as another source of Achilles rage. The issues being symbolised here are emotional and touching. Achilles is heartbroken and calls on his mother, the goddess Thetis. She is sorrowful when she hears Achilles prayers and weeping. Achilles knows that he is going live a short life and now feels that his life has no honor. He feels that the gods have forsaken him by allowing Agamemnon to humiliate him.Achilles wants his mother to collect on an old debt from genus Zeus. Thetis is saddened by Achilles heartbreak and confirms his destiny, Doomed to a short life, you have so little time. And not only short, now, but filled with heartbreak too (114). She leaves Achilles to go ask Zeus to let the Trojan army win as long as Achilles is not fighting. Achilles is left alone, his heart inflamed for the sashed and lovely girl theyd wrenched from him against his will (115). Achilles lost love and broken heart are another source of his rage. The effect is symbolism is tangible.Rage is being symbolised through love and the impact leads to a broken heart. Achilles heart stiff rigid against Agamemnon even when three of his dearest friends come and ask him to fight again. Phoenix, Ajax, and Odysseus plead with Achilles to join the battle again, but he refuses. The three make the argument that even if Achilles is angry with Agamemnon, he should still come back to the fighting to help his friends whose lives will be lost if he does not. Achilles dearest friend, Patroclus, decides to take Achilles weapons and join the fighting.Patroclus is wounded in battle and then is killed when hector waiting, watching the great-hearted Patroclus trying to stagger free, came rushing into him right across the lines and rammed his spearshaft home. (159). It is Patroclus death that brings Achilles back to the war. today his rage is aroused by his desire to obtain revenge against the Trojan army and, more specifically, Hector. Achilles armour is lost because Hector and the Trojans take it from Patroclus dead body. This reach inspires Achilles to seek Thetis help again. She has Hephaestus make new armor for Achilles.The new armor is magnificent. It is a great and massive shield, blazoning well-wrought emblems all across its surface (173). Thetis and other gods encourage Achilles to fight now. Apollo taunts Achilles while Hector holds fast outside the city gates. It is King Priam who first sees Achilles coming and is filled with fear for Hector. Achilles appears blazing like the star that rears at harvest, flam ing up in its brilliance far outshining the countless stars in the night sky (177). Hector is filled with fear as Achilles approaches the city.Achilles then chases Hector around the city three times. It is divine intervention by Athena that causes Hector to finally stop and face Achilles. Zeus decides who will die in the fight as he held out his sacred golden scales in them he placed two fates of death that lays men low (181). The scales are canted in Achilles favor and Hector looses his life. It is very clear that the gods control Achilles destiny and influence the factors that create his rage. Why is Achilles enraged? His rage is a personal choice. He decides to confront Agamemnon. He decides to withdraw from the war.He decides to join the war after Patroclus death. However, the gods do their parts in making sure that his destiny is carried out. Thetis has new armor made for him and encourages him to fight. Apollo taunts him. Athena intervenes, first to make sure he does not kill Agamemnon and then later to make sure that he does kill Hector. Zeus weighs his fate. Rage is the spawn of many emotions. Injustice, jealousy, un-holiness, revenge, and heartbreak are emotions that sparked Achilles rage. Homers tale, the Iliad, shows how Achilles rage is his destiny.Symbolism is very effective throughout the novel. It is linked to emotions, love and rage. whole works Cited Homer. The Iliad. The Norton Anthology World Masterpieces. Ed. Sarah Lawall. 7th ed. Vol. 1. W. W. Norton & Company. New York, London, 1999. 104-209. Spark Notes the Iliad by Homer Spark Notes edition January 10, 2002 The Norton Anthology of Western Literature, Volume 1 by Sarah Lawall Norton 8 edition expansive 15, 2005 Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers by John Schilb Bedford/St. Martin 3 edition October 25, 2005.